Cross-cultural aspects of risk, safety, and security in tourism and hospitality: Hofstede’s cultural variables framework

This chapter explains and discusses the importance of cross-cultural characteristics in understanding tourists’ and service providers’ perceptions, attitudes, and behaviours towards risk, safety, and security issues in tourism. The chapter reviews studies in relation to risk, safety, and security from the perspective of Hofstede’s six cultural dimensions. Although cross-cultural variables are important determinants of risk, safety, security related perceptions, attitudes and behaviours, there is a shortage of studies in this field. This chapter shows the need for future studies to be carried out to shed light on understanding risk, safety, and security-related perceptions, attitudes, and behaviours of tourists, as well as service providers.