Strategies for genetic modification of microalgae to improve the production efficiency of liquid biofuel

The application of genetic engineering in biofuel production has advanced significantly, driven by developments in genetic tools and omics technologies. These advancements have enhanced our understanding of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, opening new avenues for metabolic engineering to optimize biofuel production. This review explores genetic strategies to improve the lipid content and fatty acid profiles for biodiesel production, as well as innovations in engineering for one-step biobutanol synthesis using cyanobacteria. Strategies for carbohydrate accumulation are also examined, highlighting their role in biofuel production. Additionally, the review evaluates the environmental risks associated with large-scale fourth-generation biofuel production. The findings emphasize the potential of genetic engineering to transform microalgae into highly efficient biofuel platforms capable of producing biodiesel, biobutanol, and other liquid biofuels. By addressing critical challenges and leveraging cutting-edge technologies, this research contributes to the development of sustainable and economically viable biofuel production systems.